Biography of Mary Custis Lee, Gen. Robert E. Lees Wife

Mary Anna Randolph Custis Lee  (October 1, 1808–November 5, 1873) was the  great-granddaughter of Martha Washington  and  the wife of Robert E. Lee. She played a part in the American Civil War, and her family legacy home became the site of Arlington National Cemetery. Fast Facts: Mary Custis Lee Known For: Wife of Civil War general Robert E. Lee and great-granddaughter of Martha WashingtonAlso Known As: Mary Anna Randolph Custis Lee  Born: October 1, 1807 in Annefield  in  Boyce, VirginiaParents: George Washington Parke Custis, Mary Lee Fitzhugh CustisDied: November 5, 1873 in Lexington, VirginiaPublished Works: Recollections and Private Memoirs of Washington, by his Adopted Son George Washington Parke Custis, with a Memoir of this Author by his Daughter (edited and published)Spouse: Robert E. Lee (m.  1831–October. 12, 1870)Children: George Washington Custis, William Henry Fitzhugh, Robert E. Lee Jr., Eleanor Agnes, Anne Carter, Mildred Childe, Mary CustisNotable Quote: â€Å"I rode out to my dear old home, so changed it seemed but as a dream of the past. I could not have realized that it was Arlington but for the few old oaks they had spared, the trees planted on the lawn by the Gen’l myself which are raising their tall branches to the Heaven which seems to smile on the desecration around them.† Early Years Marys father George Washington Parke Custis was the adopted son and the step-grandson of George Washington. Mary was his only surviving child, and thus his heir. Educated at home, Mary showed talent in painting. She was courted by many men including Sam Houston but rejected his suit. She accepted the proposal of marriage in 1830 from Robert E. Lee, a distant relative shed known from childhood, after his graduation from West Point. (They had common ancestors Robert Carter I, Richard Lee II and William Randolph, making them respectively third cousins, third cousins once removed, and fourth cousins.) They were married in the parlor at her family home, Arlington House, on June 30, 1831. Highly religious from a young age, Mary Custis Lee was often troubled by illness. As the wife of a military officer, she traveled with him, though she was most happy at her family home in Arlington, Virginia. Eventually, the Lees had seven children, with Mary often suffering from illness and various disabilities including rheumatoid arthritis. She was known as a hostess and for her painting and gardening. When her husband went to Washington, she preferred to remain at home. She avoided Washingtons social circles but was avidly interested in politics and discussed matters with her father and later her husband. The Lee family enslaved many people of African descent. Mary assumed that eventually theyd all be freed, and taught the women to read, write, and sew so that they could support themselves after emancipation. Civil War When Virginia joined the Confederate States of America at the beginning of the Civil War, Robert E. Lee resigned his commission with the federal army and accepted a commission in the army of Virginia. With some delay, Mary Custis Lee, whose illness confined her much of the time to a wheelchair, was convinced to pack up many of the familys belongings and move out of the home at Arlington because its nearness to Washington, D.C., would make it a target for confiscation by the Union forces. And thats what happened, for failure to pay taxes—though an attempt to pay the taxes was apparently refused. She spent many years after the war ended trying to regain possession of her Arlington home: Poor Virginia is being pressed on every side, yet I trust God will yet deliver us. I do not allow myself to think of my dear old home. Would that it had been razed to the ground or submerged in the Potomac rather than have fallen into such hands. From Richmond where she spent much of the war, Mary and her daughters knitted socks and sent them to her husband to distribute to soldiers in the Confederate Army. Later Years and Death Robert returned after the surrender of the Confederacy, and Mary moved with Robert to Lexington, Virginia, where he became president of Washington College (later renamed Washington and Lee University). During the war, many of the family possessions inherited from the Washingtons were buried for safety. After the war, many were found to have been damaged, but some—the silver, some carpets, some letters among them—survived. Those that had been left in the Arlington home were declared by Congress to be the property of the American people. Neither Robert E. Lee nor Mary Custis Lee survived many years after the end of the Civil War. He died in 1870. Arthritis plagued Mary Custis Lee in her later years, and she died in Lexington on Nov. 5, 1873—after making one trip to see her old Arlington home. In 1882, the U.S. Supreme Court in a ruling returned the home to the family;  Mary and Roberts son Custis sold it right  back to the government. Mary Custis Lee is buried with her husband on the Washington and Lee University campus in Lexington, Virginia. Sources â€Å"The Life of Mary Custis Lee.†Ã‚  EHISTORY.â€Å"Mary Anna Randolph Custis Lee.†Ã‚  National Parks Service, U.S. Department of the Interior.Pryor, Elizabeth Brown. â€Å"Mary Randolph Custis Lee (1807–1873).†Ã‚  Lee, Mary Randolph Custis (1807–1873), Encyclopediavirginia.org.

Improving Access. I Will Examine Two Of The Most Prominent

Improving Access: I will examine two of the most prominent methods for improving access: universal early childhood education and equivalency/second chance programs for adults. One of the other prominent methods is improving access through information and communication technologies (ICTs). This is a popular idea as remote areas often lack formal and non-formal literacy programs. In these situations, education through technology like television, radio, and the internet is believed to be able to play an important role in improving access. However, recent research has shown that ICTs should not be the sole means of literacy learning as many countries lack the necessary infrastructure and would be better off funding schools and teachers.†¦show more content†¦The success of MENA countries clearly shows that investing in early childhood education is an effective and efficient method of improving literacy. Moreover, Hanemann (2006) found that increased funding on primary education resulting from UN M illennium Development Goals has increased global attendance and eliminated the gender gap. However, there are limits to the reach and timeliness of early childhood education. First, children in the poorest quintile are still three times as likely to be out of school than those in the richest quintile (Richmond, 2008). Research has shown that access itself is not a guarantee of literacy. Completion of five to six years is a critical threshold for mastery of basic competencies such as literacy. However, the poor are often unable to attend for this length of time for various reasons, leading to completion rates 10-60% below enrollment rates (The Global Challenge of Education for All, 2002). On top of this, by definition, early childhood education cannot reach the 800 million illiterate adults. As a result, the best case scenario of funding universal childhood education will not eliminate illiteracy for a couple of generations. Moreover, to achieve universal primary education requires programs to work with local governments as they are the main providers of education. The governments will always be happy to take additional funding, but the programs then loseShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Globalization On The Economy978 Words   |  4 PagesIn today’s world, with a few notable exceptions, nearly everyone in every region of the world has access to the same products, information and services. A long-distance relationship is no longer so distant, since each party involved in the relationship can communicate through Skype, Facebook or through any of the vast amount of social media available. A person in Easter Island, one of the most remote inhabited islands in the world, can go to the other side of the world and travel to Canada. 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Korean confucianism Free Essays

Confucianism is defined as â€Å"an intellectual, political, and religious tradition, or school of though, that developed a distinct identity in the 5th Century BC from the teachings of Chinese philosopher Confucius† (â€Å"Confucianism,† 2005). It began in China and is now widely accepted in different parts of Asia such as Korea, Japan, and Vietnam (â€Å"Confucianism,† 2005). There are five moral disciplines which are given to govern the five human relationships. We will write a custom essay sample on Korean confucianism or any similar topic only for you Order Now They are as follows: (a) Justice and righteousness should mark the relations between sovereign and subject; (b) There should be proper rapport between father and son; (c) Separation of function between husband and wife; (d) The younger should give precedence to the elder; and (e) Faith and trust should reign over relationships between friends (â€Å"Korean Confucianism,† n.d.). Confucianism has pervaded Korea and the country has been labeled as one of the most dedicated followers despite the fact that it started in China (â€Å"Korean Confucianism,† n.d.). In line with the foregoing statement, it is not surprising that I adhere and respect the teachings of Korean Confucianism. However, it is to be noted that modernity has also swept over the country of Korea and has changed some aspects of the people’s adherence to Confucianism. I carry with me the value and respect for the government as the authority that has the power over the country. That is the reason why I abide by the rule of law and the policies and decisions made by the government. Moreover, I respect the relationship between the younger and the elder together with the responsibilities that comes with it. For the elders, I give them due respect and for the younger, I carry authority and responsibility over them. I see to it that generations before me and my ancestors are given respect both living and dead. In addition to this, the closeness of the family and the respect for the relationships of one another is always borne in my mind and in my heart. References â€Å"Confucianism.† Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2006 [CD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2005.    How to cite Korean confucianism, Essay examples

Schwarzkopf Leadership Style and Success as a Military General

The following discussion talks about Schwarzkopf’s autobiographical book. The book was a bestseller that sold hundreds of thousands of copies.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Schwarzkopf’ Leadership Style and Success as a Military General specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is from Bantam Books, a publishing company based in New York. It was published in October 1993, a few years after Schwarzkopf’s successful handling of Operation Dessert Storm. It was the military operation that liberated Kuwait from the clutches of Saddam Hussein’s army (Schwarzkopf, 1993). The Subject of the Book General Norman Schwarzkopf and the Persian Gulf War The book was an autobiographical account of the life of Norman Schwarzkopf. He became a household name in the 1990s when former President George Bush appointed him as the commander-in-chief of a global alliance to defeat Saddam Hussein in the Persian Gulf War. He became popular, because of his successful leadership in Operation Dessert Storm. He became a hero because of how he liberated Kuwait after a few months of continuous military campaign. He was considered one of the greatest military leaders of all time, due to his ability to persuade different military leaders from 30 countries to work together as one team. Example of a Great Leader Schwarzkopf had the capability to lead a diverse group of people coming from different cultural backgrounds. He was able to develop this capability after spending time in Iran, when he was barely a teenager. Due to his father’s influence he was also able to travel to key European cities. Finally, his two tours in Vietnam prepared him for the difficult task of leading an allied force to defeat Saddam Hussein. Leadership Style Humility, Adaptability, and Cultural Sensitivity His leadership style can be considered as a charismatic type of leadership. However, it is a complex type of leadershi p that is characterized by humility, adaptability, and the capability to work with people from different cultural backgrounds. His humility stems from his upbringing. It is also rooted in a character that was molded through various trials. He grew up in an affluent neighborhood. However, at a young age, his family experienced economic hardships due to the onset of the Second World War.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More His mother’s alcoholism was a profound experience that gave him the ability to understand the frailty of human nature. Thus, he was able to develop a heightened sense of empathy that endeared him to his men. He valued the ability to adapt to different situations in order to accomplish specific goals. He said that a leader must know how to adjust his communication style in order for his subordinates to understand the essence of the orders that were given to them. H is humility enabled him to develop a team that was loyal to him. He was able to endear himself to his men. Therefore, he was able to accomplish goals beginning from the time that he was in West Point, and when he was the commander-in-chief in the Persian Gulf War. His ability to make adjustments on his communication style allowed him to persuade people to perform difficult tasks. In one memorable episode of his life, he confronted a helicopter pilot that refused to carry the dead bodies of Vietnamese soldiers who was under his command. The American pilot refused to carry them, because they were not part of the U.S. army. Schwarzkopf was willing to make a sacrifice for his slain Vietnamese comrades. This gallant stand created a band of loyal soldiers that saved his life during the Vietnam War. Critique of Leadership Style His leadership style was severely tested during Persian Gulf War, because he had to manage the egos of generals coming from different countries. He had to work with top leaders from Saudi Arabia, the United States, Great Britain, France, and Egypt. He had to persuade them to follow his lead. At the same time, he had to deal with the press. It was the first major war in human history where aggressive reporters were willing to make sacrifices on behalf of their respective TV networks. Aside from the complex military operation, Schwarzkopf had to carefully chose his words regarding his comments on the war effort.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Schwarzkopf’ Leadership Style and Success as a Military General specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More If he had a flawed leadership style, resources would have been squandered due to internal conflicts. It was his experience during the Vietnam War, and the time spent in Iran, that enabled him to develop a cultural sensitivity that allowed him to resolve conflicts in the most efficient manner. Schwarzkopf’s commendable job as t he commander-in-chief of Operation Desert Storm was a great example of effective leadership. It is hard to imagine another leader who can surpass the accomplishments he did, especially if one will compare these achievements to other major wars of the 20th century. The Korean War and the Vietnam War had many casualties. However, under Schwarzkopf’s able leadership, there were only a few casualties in the Persian Gulf War. In the said conflict, the war ended after only a few months of sustained warfare. The astounding success of the Persian Gulf War must be attributed to Schwarzkopf’s leadership style. Leaders will accomplish more if they will also adopt the values of humility, adaptability, and cultural sensitivity embodied by Schwarzkopf. Reference Schwarzkopf, N. (1993). It doesn’t take a hero: The autobiography of General Norman  Schwarzkopf. New York: Bantam Books. This essay on Schwarzkopf’ Leadership Style and Success as a Military General was written and submitted by user Eli Reyes to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Essay about Romeo and Juliet

Essay about Romeo and Juliet Essay about Romeo and Juliet Romeo and Juliet Theme Analysis True love and infatuation In William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet, the main characters bring us through the ups and downs of their young love, ending with their gruesome deaths. The play begins with Romeo being in love with one girl, and then he quickly forgets about her and becomes so infatuated with another girl that he rushes into a marriage with her. This goes to show that young boys only love for beauty, perhaps they only search for lust. While Romeo and Juliet truly believe they are in love, Shakespeare claims that loving too quickly won’t last. In the beginning, Romeo shows his desperation and lovesickness for a girl that doesn’t love him back when he shouts â€Å"Ay me! Sad hours seem long/†¦ Out of her favor, where I am in love.† (I.i.153, 158). You immediately think he speaks of Juliet, but Shakespeare surprises you with introducing a girl named Rosaline. Romeo believes her to be the most beautiful girl he has ever seen, and that he could never love anyone but her. He then goes to Friar Lawrence and cries to him over his love for Rosaline. Romeo and Benvolio are accidentally invited to a Capulet party. Benvolio talks Romeo into going by saying that Romeo might encounter a different girl. â€Å"At this same ancient feast of Capulet’s/ sups the fair Rosaline whom thou so loves/ With all the admired beauties of Verona./ Go thither, and with unattainted eye/ compare her face with some that I shall show,/ And I will make thee think thy swan a crow.† (I.ii.84-89.) Benvolio tells Romeo that she really isn’t the most beautiful girl in Verona and after going to this party he will come to think she is one of the ugliest. While attending this party, he spots a beautiful girl across the room. â€Å"Beauty too rich for use, for earth too dear./ So shows a snowy dove trooping with crows/ as yonder lady o’er her fellows shows./ The measure done, I’ll watch her place of stand,/ And, toughing hers, make blessed my rude hand./ Did my heart love till now? Forswear it, sight! / For I ne’er saw true beauty till this night.† (I. v. 45-51.) He feels magnetized to this girl because of her beauty. He walks up to the girl to meet her, and quickly feels this strong connection, even though they don’t know each other’s names. When he finds out that she is Capulet’s daughter, Juliet, he knows the only way they could be together is if Friar Lawrence secretly marries them. Romeo goes to Friar Lawrence’s and asks him to marry them. â€Å"Holy saint Francis, what a change is here! / Is Rosaline, whom thou didst love so dear, / So soon forsaken?

Items to Exclude from Your Curriculum Vitae (CV)

Items to Exclude from Your Curriculum Vitae (CV) No one likes writing a resume, but its a critical part of the job search in all fields. In academics, the resume is called a curriculum vitae (or CV) and it is even less fun to write. Unlike a resume which presents your experience and skills within a 1-page format, the curriculum vitae has no page limit. The most prolific professionals I have encountered have CVs that are dozens of pages long and bound as books. Thats highly unusual, of course, but the point is that the CV is a comprehensive list of your experiences, accomplishments, and the products of your work. Your mentor likely has a CV of 20 pages or more, depending on his or her productivity, rank, and experience. Beginning graduate students usually start out with 1 page CVs and work hard to flesh them out into multiple page documents. It can be easy to add pages when you consider what goes into a CV. The CV lists your education, work experience, research background and interests, teaching history, publications, and more. Theres lots of information to work with, but can you include too much information? Is there anything that you should not include on your CV? Dont Include Personal InformationIt was once common for people to include personal information on their CVs. Never include any of the following: Social security numberMarital statusBirthdateAgeHeight, weight, hair color, or other personal attributesNumber of childrenPhoto It is illegal for employers to discriminate against potential employees on the basis of personal characteristics. That said, people naturally judge others. Allow yourself to be judged only on your professional merits and not on your personal characteristics. Dont Include Photos Given the ban on personal information, it should go without saying that applicants should not send photographs of themselves. Unless you are an actor, dancer, or another performer, never attach a picture of yourself to your CV or application. Dont Add Irrelevant Information Hobbies and interests should not appear on your CV. Include only extracurricular activities that are directly related to your work. Remember that your goal is to portray yourself as serious and an expert in your discipline. Hobbies can suggest that youre not working hard enough or that you are not serious about your career. Leave them out. Dont Include Too Much Detail Its an odd paradox: Your CV presents detailed information about your career, but you must take care not to go into too much depth in describing the content of your work. Your CV will be accompanied by a research statement in which you walk readers through your research, explaining its development and your goals. You will also write a statement of teaching philosophy, explaining your perspective on teaching. Given these documents, there is no need to go into minute detail describing your research and teaching other than the facts: where, when, what, awards granted, etc. Dont Include Ancient Information Do not discuss anything from high school. Period. Unless you discovered a supernova, that is. Your curriculum vitae describes your qualifications for a professional academic career. It is unlikely that experiences from college are relevant to this. From college, list only your major, graduation year, scholarships, awards, and honors. Do not list any extracurricular activities from high school or college. Do Not List References Your CV is a statement about YOU. There is no need to include references. Undoubtedly youll be asked to provide references but your references do not belong on your CV. Dont list that your references are available upon request. Surely the employer will request references if youre a potential candidate. Wait until you are asked and then remind your references and tell them to expect a call or email. Do Not Lie It should be obvious but many applicants make the mistake of including items that are not entirely true. For example, they might list a poster presentation that they were invited to give but didnt. Or list a paper as under review that is still being drafted. There are no harmless lies. Dont exaggerate or lie about anything. It will come back to haunt you and ruin your career. Criminal Record Although you should never lie, dont give employers a reason to dump your CV in the trash-pile. That means dont spill the beans unless you are asked. If theyre interested and youre offered the job you may be asked to consent to a background check. If so, thats when you discuss your record - when you know that they are interested, Discuss it too soon and you may lose an opportunity. Dont Write in Solid Blocks of Text Remember that employers scan CVs. Make yours easy to read by using bold headings and short descriptions of items. Do not include big blocks of text. No paragraphs. Dont Include Errors Whats the fastest way to get your CV and application tossed? Spelling mistakes. Bad grammar. Typos. Do you prefer to be known as careless or poorly educated? Neither will help you advance in your career. Always review your CV carefully before submitting. Dont Include a Touch of Flair Fancy paper. Unusual font. Colored font. Scented paper. Although you want your CV to stand out, be sure that it stands out for the right reasons, such as its quality. Do not make your CV look different in color, shape, or format unless you want it passed around as a source of humor.

Marketing Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marketing Management - Essay Example The brand has featured some famous personalities for promoting its brand. Coca Cola in Present Coca cola is the world’s largest manufacturer, distributer and marketer of non alcoholic beverages, which has its operation in more than 200 countries. It has introduced new variants to its category such as diet, vanilla and cherry coke. In the year 2002, the company launched new variant c2, which is a low carbohydrate cola, and an energy drink named Full Throttle. The following year, 2003, Coca Cola Company introduced coca cola lime, coca cola zero which was regarded as a low calorie beverage. The company also added a sugar free version of Full Throttle. In the year 2006, the company again introduced new product line which included regular and diet version of Black Cherry Vanilla Coke, energy sodas; Tom Standage, a social historian introduced Coca Cola as among the six beverages which have shaped the world. He was signed as an international symbol of freedom during the cold war in U S. In 2007, the company had acquired Glaceau, which is a beverage company which produces flavored and vitamin water (Giebelhaus, 2008). The company has established a brand that is well renowned globally. Its distribution channel and the product are so huge that it cannot be duplicated. Coca cola has a competitive advantage over its competitors (Sander & Slatter, 2009, p.27). Coca cola has grown to be one of the ubiquitous brands with 1.7 million beverages being sold per day. Recently it had celebrated its 125 years of existence and has developed a recyclable merchandise to be used in grocery stores (The Coca Cola Company, 2011). Evolution of Coca Cola Company The company was started by Dr. John Pemberton who was an Atlanta pharmacist in the year 1886. Coca cola was used as a nerve and brain tonic. The first manufacturing plant was opened in 1884. Coca-Cola was sold to Ernest Woodruff for 25 million dollars. It was woodruff who introduced the first six bottle carton and also made it available in the vending machines in 1929. Promotional tools were used and the first advertisement was made in radio in 1930s following with a commercial advertisement in television in 1950. Currently Coca-Cola is advertised on five hundred TV channels globally. In 1985, Coca Cola Company introduced its diet coke. But the product did not do well in the market thus coke decided to change it to old coke. At present coca Cola is worth more than 58 million dollars. It has been the sponsor of Olympics for the past 65 years (Echeat, 2004). Target market The target market of coca cola is large. It is affordable by any level of income. It is consumed by both males and females. Consumers who drink coca cola are from the different sections from the VIPs to the celebrities to the common people. Coca cola has targeted that section of people who enjoys drinking soft drink and has made it as a part of their lifestyle. Coca cola diet is targeted for people who are older in age (Ma'arif, 2007, p.22 0). The target remains the same. It is targeted to both males and females and of all age groups. Competition positioned Soft drink needs to be carefully positioned with respect to competition as image is important when consumer chose a brand. Competitor of Coca Cola is Pepsi Cola. Both are trying to gain a competitive position in the cola